Old Tamil Poetry

Translations of Tamil Poetic works that span 2000 years

Nattrinai – 359

Her friend’s thought :

As a short horned cow grazing in the slopes
shakes a bunch of flame lilies, pollen is strewn,
startling its calf; the man from those hills
gifted a skirt, made of leaves and flowers;
If she wears it, I fear her mother’s query;
If she returns it, I fear his misery;
Can the skirt, made of rare foliage from his hillside,
where the goddess resides
and even wild goats fear to leap, be left to fade away?

சிலம்பின் மேய்ந்த சிறு கோட்டுச் சேதா
அலங்கு குலைக் காந்தள் தீண்டி, தாது உக,
கன்று தாய் மருளும் குன்ற நாடன்
உடுக்கும் தழை தந்தனனே; யாம் அஃது
உடுப்பின், யாய் அஞ்சுதுமே; கொடுப்பின்,
கேளுடைக் கேடு அஞ்சுதுமே; ஆயிடை
வாடலகொல்லோ தாமே-அவன் மலைப்
போருடை வருடையும் பாயா,
சூருடை அடுக்கத்த கொயற்கு அருந் தழையே?

This is another master piece from Kapilar. This poem is written from the point of view of her friend. He has sent a skirt made of leaves and flowers to her through her friend. The friend gives it to her and thinks “If she wears it, I am afraid that her mom will ask how did you get this, who brought this to you. If she returns it I am afraid of seeing his pain. But this skirt is invaluable, made of rare foliage he has gathered with much difficulty. We can’t let it fade away”. Here the skirt is a metaphor for her love. The friend is saying, “don’t let your love fade away, come and ask for her hand in marriage.”

The other metaphor in this poem are the animals –  Cow, calf and wild goat. Her mother, she and him. Now read the poem again. She is still afraid of her mother. He is an impulsive man, roaming around the hills. But her love is so difficult to attain that even the wild goat can’t reach.

The cow metaphor can also be read as  – When the friend gives her the skirt, she stays quiet. The friend thinks like how a cow covered in pollen looks different and startles its calf, she is covered by shyness and hence is not her normal self, thus startling her friend.

Another reading – seeing her clad in a new skirt, her mother is startled; like how a calf is startled seeing its mother covered in pollen from flowers. In this case the metaphor transposes mother/her to calf/cow.

Naaladiyaar – 256

Scholars don’t talk much, afraid of errors;
simpletons are verbose, with no such fears;
Palm tree’s dried fronds crackle;
lush green fronds never rustle.

கற்று அறிந்த நாவினார் சொல்லார், தம் சோர்வு அஞ்சி;
மற்றையர் ஆவார் பகர்வர்;-பனையின்மேல்
வற்றிய ஓலை கலகலக்கும்; எஞ் ஞான்றும்
பச்சோலைக்கு இல்லை, ஒலி.

A poem about ignorance. Really learned scholars measure their words, afraid of making mistakes. But the simpletons have no such fear and keep on talking. The similes used are dried fronds for simpletons and lush green fronds for scholars.

Naaladiyaar – 319

Ruler of lofty hill that attracts prime cattle!-
Words of those who have not elaborately analyzed
summary, spread, subtlety and sense of a tome –
can they be good commentary?

பொழிப்பு, அகலம், நுட்பம், நூல் எச்சம், இந் நான்கின்
கொழித்து, அகலம் காட்டாதார் சொற்கள்,-பழிப்பு இல்
நிரை ஆமா சேக்கும் நெடுங் குன்ற நாட!-
உரை ஆமோ, நூலிற்கு நன்கு?

This poem explains how a good commentary for a book should be. One should analyze the book by its summary (பொழிப்புரை), the breadth of topic it covers (அகலம்), its subtleties (நுட்பம்) and what one learns (நூல் எச்சம்) from the book. Then he should write elaborately based on his analysis. That is how a good commentary should be written.

Ruler of lofty hill that attracts prime cattle is a metaphor for poets crowding a wealthy ruler. When a ruler is wealthy, lot of poets will surround him and offer their works. He should consider those based on the above rules and decide which is worthy.

Thirukkural – 1009

Strangers will seize the wealth of the insular,
who neither savor nor share.

அன்பு ஒரீஇ, தற் செற்று, அறம் நோக்காது, ஈட்டிய
ஒண் பொருள் கொள்வார், பிறர்.

The wealth earned by one who insulates oneself from relatives, and who neither relishes it nor shares it, is bound to be seized by others.

Puranaanooru – 256

Oh master potter! master potter!
Like a small white lizard stuck
to the wagon’s axle hub spoke,
I traveled many an arid land with him;
show me some mercy.
To bury him in this ground,
shape a flared burial urn
that’s wide enough for me too,
this vast ancient town’s master potter.

கலஞ்செய் கோவே கலஞ்செய் கோவே
அச்சுடைச் சாகாட் டாரம் பொருந்திய
சிறுவெண் பல்லி போலத் தன்னொடு
சுரம்பல வந்த வெமக்கு மருளி
வியன்மல ரகன்பொழி லீமத் தாழி
அகலி தாக வனைமோ
நனந்தலை மூதூர்க் கலஞ்செய் கோவே.

Poem no. 256 of Puranaanooru. Poet’s name is unknown. A dead warrior’s wife asks the town potter to make a burial urn that has space enough for her to be buried along with him. The ‘for me too’ is implied and not explicitly stated in the Tamil original. The simile used in this poem is arresting. A white lizard that is stuck to the wheel spoke will travel wherever the wagon wheel goes. Like that she traveled her entire life with her husband. Now he has left her and died. She doesn’t want to live without him, so she wants to buried along with him.

Thirukkural – 473

Overrating oneself, unaware of true strength,
and destroyed by the foe, are many.

உடைத் தம் வலி அறியார், ஊக்கத்தின் ஊக்கி,
இடைக்கண் முரிந்தார் பலர்.

One should be aware of one’s own strength and not over rate oneself getting carried away. There are many in history who thought so and were destroyed by a stronger enemy.

Kaliththokai – 55

Like streaks of lightning that part dark clouds,
fine gold strands part your braided hair
that is adorned with pine flower strands.
Pleasant smiling, bright toothed, sweet spoken
red lipped girl with a fine  forehead;
I’ll tell you something, listen:

“Stop”, he held me back; came closer,
looking at my forehead, face, shoulders, eyes
stride and speech, complimenting them
he said,
“it wanes, but is not the crescent;
it is flawless, but is not the moon;
it is like bamboo, but this isn’t a hill;
it is like flowers, but this isn’t a brook;
soft is the stride, but not a peacock;
tender is the speech, but not a parrot”

praising me with many a word, slowly,
like hunters watching their prey weaken,
just when my heart mellowed, he looked
at me plaintively, like a bard seeking alms
pleaded with me and at the same time petted me too;

like a musth elephant not stopping at mahout’s goad,
he kept pleading and petting me; innocence
is not one of his traits, my friend!

மின் ஒளிர் அவிர் அறல் இடை போழும் பெயலேபோல்,
பொன் அகை தகை வகிர் வகை நெறி வயங்கிட்டு,
போழ் இடை இட்ட கமழ் நறும் பூங் கோதை,
இன் நகை, இலங்கு எயிற்று, தேம் மொழி துவர்ச் செவ் வாய்,
நன்னுதால்! நினக்கு ஒன்று கூறுவாம்; கேள், இனி:
‘நில்’ என நிறுத்தான்; நிறுத்தே வந்து,
நுதலும் முகனும், தோளும், கண்ணும்,
இயலும், சொல்லும், நோக்குபு நினைஇ,
‘ஐ தேய்ந்தன்று, பிறையும் அன்று;
மை தீர்ந்தன்று, மதியும் அன்று;
வேய் அமன்றன்று, மலையும் அன்று;
பூ அமன்றன்று, சுனையும் அன்று;
மெல்ல இயலும், மயிலும் அன்று;
சொல்லத் தளரும், கிளியும் அன்று’
என ஆங்கு,
அனையன பல பாராட்டி, பையென,
வலைவர் போல, சோர் பதன் ஒற்றி,
நெஞ்சு நெகிழ்ந்த செவ்வி காணூஉப்
புலையர் போல, புன்கண் நோக்கி,
தொழலும் தொழுதான்; தொடலும் தொட்டான்;
காழ் வரை நில்லாக் கடுங் களிறு அன்னோன்
தொழூஉம்; தொடூஉம்; அவன் தன்மை
ஏழைத் தன்மையோ இல்லை, தோழி!

This is another romantic poem in Kaliththokai. I have taken couple of liberties with the translation.

The similes in second stanza are : forehead – crescent, face – moon, bamboo – shoulders, flowers – eyes, stride – peacock, speech – parrot. In the original poem the previous line contains these in order and the similes don’t mention them directly. I decided to follow the same convention.

There is a difference of opinion whether the first four lines of description pertain to the heroine or her friend to whom the poem is addressed. Nachinaarkkiniyaar of 13th century, whose commentaries of Sangam poems form the bedrock of later day commentaries, takes it as description of the friend. AK Ramanujan who translated this into English assumes it is description of the heroine by the hero. I have decided to follow Nachinaarkkiniyaar’s stance.

I have broken the poem into stanzas to make it easy to read. I have used ‘golden strands’ for நெற்றிச்சுட்டி / வகுப்புச் சுட்டி the golden jewellery worn in hair parting.  In the third stanza, புலையர் – the current usage is a lowly person or an outcaste. But it was used to denote bards, priests and hunters in Sangam era. I decided to go with ‘bard’ as it fits with the flow of the poem. The major change I made in translation is to use ‘pleading’ for தொழுதல். Almost every other translator uses ‘worship’. However when the previous line is ‘ he looks pitifully’ , if followed by ‘worshiped me’, it doesn’t make sense. So after much deliberation I decided to use ‘pleading’. This usage is based in Tholkappiyam’s rules (களவொழுக்கம் – மெய்தொட்டுப் பயிறல்).

Puranaanooru – 189

For one who rules this ocean bound world
unrivaled under his royal standard,
and the illiterate, who tracks wild game
day and night without a moment’s sleep,
serving size is one, clothes are but two;
everything else is equal too;
purpose of wealth is to share;
if savored alone, much is lost.

தெண் கடல் வளாகம் பொதுமை இன்றி
வெண் குடை நிழற்றிய ஒருமையோர்க்கும்,
நடு நாள் யாமத்தும் பகலும் துஞ்சான்
கடு மாப் பார்க்கும் கல்லா ஒருவற்கும்,
உண்பது நாழி; உடுப்பவை இரண்டே;
பிறவும் எல்லாம் ஓர் ஒக்குமே;
செல்வத்துப் பயனே ஈதல்;
துய்ப்பேம் எனினே, தப்புந பலவே.

This poem is written by Nakkeeeranar, son of Madurai Kanakkayanaar (மதுரை கணக்காயணார் மகன் நக்கீரனார்). White Parasol (umbrella) was one of the royal attributes of an emperor. I have taken the liberty to change it to Royal standard as it is easier to understand in English.

Whether one is an emperor of this world or an illiterate hunter, they are awake at all times in search of wealth. Their needs too are same – they can eat only one portion of food and wear only two pieces of clothes. All their activities (eating, sleeping, procreation) in life are similar too.

So when one has more than what he needs, he has to share it with the world. That is the purpose of wealth. Instead if one hoards wealth and savors it alone, he loses his good karma and the joy of being just.

 

Puranaanooru – 121

Hearing of a patron’s place, from all four
directions will come, the needy horde;
doling out generously is easier,
but to rank them is difficult; Mighty ruler!
since you know that best,
avoid ‘all are equal’ view, among poets!

ஒரு திசை ஒருவனை உள்ளி, நால் திசைப்
பலரும் வருவர், பரிசில் மாக்கள்;
வரிசை அறிதலோ அரிதே; பெரிதும்
ஈதல் எளிதே; மா வண் தோன்றல்!
அது நற்கு அறிந்தனைஆயின்,
பொது நோக்கு ஒழிமதி, புலவர் மாட்டே!

Another poem from Kapilar. He goes to the court of Malayaman Thirumudik Kari, a small ruler. Kari treats Kapilar as yet another poet who has come to court in search of gifts. Kapilar is offended. So he tells Kari, it is easy for one to be philanthropic and dole out gifts. But it is difficult to rank people who crowd the benefactor. So don’t treat all poets as same, some are superior to others.

You can call this elitism in Sangam era 🙂

Kamba Ramayanam – 516

As their desirous gaze bound them
like a rope and drew their hearts close,
He, armed with a bow, and She, with sword like eyes,
entered into each other’s heart.

பருகிய நோக்கு எனும் பாசத்தால் பிணித்து,
ஒருவரை ஒருவர் தம் உள்ளம் ஈர்த்தலால்,
வரி சிலை அண்ணலும் வாள் கண் நங்கையும்
இருவரும் மாறிப் புக்கு இதயம் எய்தினார்.

From Kamba Ramayanam, where Rama and Sita meet for the first time as Rama enters Mithilai. Sita is standing in the balcony while Rama is walking along the streets. They both look at each other and it is love at first sight. This is Kamban’s invention as the original Valmiki Ramayana doesn’t have this sequence.  Kamban is a master of metaphors and similes. Desirous gaze is a rope that binds them both and pulls their heart closer. Hence both of them enter each other’s heart. Sita’s eyes are sharp and shapely like a sword. Rama carries a bow, so each of them is armed.

 

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